She maintaines that all governments should endorse certain capabilities; nevertheless, Sen did not have such a clear aim when he started to work on the capability approach. Instead, his applied work was on poverty, in which he found some empirical support for a focus on what people can do Robeyns, Today, resource based approach is still the most common method to measure the quality of life i.
However, although monetary resources are significant for the quality of life, they do not suffice to measure it. Because, they are not intrinsically valuable; they are instrumental to other objectives. Therefore, Sen maintains that the value of the living standard lies in the living, not in the possessing of commodities, which has derivative and varying relevance. But if the person is blind or unable to read, its presence in the household does not increase the quality of life at the same degree.
Certainly, level of income is very important in many contexts but one should look beyond the income poverty. What about a person with an income above the poverty line, who suffers from an expensive ilness?
Therefore, Sen determines four different sources of variation: 1 Personel heterogeneities proneness to the ilnesses etc. Intriguingly, even though they are related to each other, their relation has idiosyncracies e.
However, the former has the capability to achieve the functioning of being well-nourished while the latter does not. Another distinction of the CA is between commodities and functionings. As seen in the laptop example, the same commodity may have different functioning for various people. Hence, we need to know much more about the person and circumstances in which she or he is living e.
In recent decades, adaptation of the people to deprivation by learning to suppress their demand and aspirations has become one of the main issues in development ethics and this phenomenon is often cited as a reason for veering away from utilitarian-inspired concepts of well-being Clark, The strength of the CA in this issue is its simplicity about the objective i.
According to Sen , new efforts in utilitarian welfare economics such as Pareto comparison take no interest whatever in distributional issues, which cannot be addressed without considering the conflict of interests and preferences. Sen argues that the use of interpersonal comparisons may allow public decisions to be more sensitive for inequilities in well-being and opportunities. For him, interpersonal comparisons of personal welfare are mainly based on comparisons of mental states—whether of pleasures or of desires—but sometimes this maybe delusive as well.
Because, utilities may be very flexible in response to persistent deprivation e. The program started in nine provinces including Gaziantep city Devlet Planlama Teskilati, a. The target group of the project was the school-aged children working in streets. In particular, the aim was assisting poor students in their lessons to increase their success in the school and preparing them for the SBS national level evaluation exam. However, main objectives were to identify poor children, to persuade and encourage their families to let them continue with their education, and to increase their chance to have better education for a better future, hence creating capable citizens of the future.
It was accepted in and completed in Three centers in poor districts were established and students, nearly half of whom were female, benefited from the project. Aside from the female students, children working in the streets were identified with the help of the local authorities, and their families were encouraged to let them continue their education. Necessary school materials were distributed to the children. Eighteen voluntary teachers took part in the project. Not only supplementary courses were given to the children, but also the life of the students was put on focus by family visits.
In addition, seminars for parents were arranged as well as other social events for the children. Hence, some events outside the school were arranged to help their social development as well.
In general, teachers are satisfied with the outcome of the project. They underlined the importance of the project, and suggested these projects should be multiplied as they improve both educational success and social capacity of the children Devlet Planlama Teskilati, b. Thus, Sen underscores the role of agency and the freedom of the people to make their own choices. As Vaughan et al. Firstly, the capability approach was a response to the limitations of assessments that measure only desire satisfaction, resources, or outcomes.
In education, most standard evaluation tools are based on what people say they want from their schooling; resources, for example spending per child; or outcomes in the form of examination results. There are, however, problems relating to each of these. In terms of desire satisfaction, imagine a situation in which children from low income groups receive only primary education, and children from high earning families attend primary and secondary school.
If both groups say they are satisfied, because this is what each has come to expect, then there is no problem in terms of utility or desire satisfaction, as both groups are apparently equally content.
Yet there is something uncomfortable about this kind of conclusion, however widespread the practice that supports it. Conversion factors in the table points to the reason behind the inequality in education in the city. Table 2 illustrates the variables and gives a relevant evaluation of the project. Finally, other issue to be taken into consideration is to keep the educational projects outside of any ideological or political stake of organizations, and to be intended merely for alleviating the inequality in education.
Concluding Remarks It is obvious that the requirements of the people differ according to time and location; therefore, the search for new perspectives and approaches is endless. As the CA regulates the distribution of the resources, it may be applicable in many fields for more effective use of the resources. Google Scholar. Comim, M. Qizilbash and S. Basu and R. Kanbur eds Arguments for a Better World, vol. Anand, P. Anand, S. Biggeri, M.
Burchardt, T. Canova, L. Chiappero-Martinetti, E. Clark, D. Clark ed. Comim, F. Comin, F. Comin, M. Di Tommaso, M. Elster, J. Sen and B. An introduction to the human development and Donate this book to the Internet Archive library. If you own this book, you can mail it to our address below. Want to Read. Check nearby libraries Library. Share this book Facebook. Last edited by ImportBot. September 16, History. An edition of An introduction to the human development and capability approach This edition was published in by Earthscan in Sterling, VA.
Written in English. Subjects Social psychology , Human behavior , Capabilities approach Social sciences. An introduction to the human development and capability approach: freedom and agency , Earthscan. Not in Library.
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